{"id":1836,"date":"2021-09-04T09:34:14","date_gmt":"2021-09-04T09:34:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/?page_id=1836"},"modified":"2025-11-22T15:09:55","modified_gmt":"2025-11-22T15:09:55","slug":"african-american-studies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/fr\/african-american-studies\/","title":{"rendered":"African American Studies"},"content":{"rendered":"

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DIRECTION<\/h2>\n

CENTER FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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DIRECTION CENTER FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT<\/p>\n

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global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”About” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”–et_global_heading_font|800|||||||” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font_size=”48px” custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” title_font_size_tablet=”32px” title_font_size_phone=”45px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_5,3_5″ _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Untitled-1-copy-13.webp” title_text=”Untitled-1 copy” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” border_radii=”on|14px|14px|14px|14px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/AMR.webp” title_text=”AMR” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” border_radii=”on|14px|14px|14px|14px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”–et_global_body_font||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_line_height=”0.2em” ul_text_align=”justify” ul_font_size=”20px” header_font=”Montserrat||||||||” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”|0px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_phone=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0px|0px||0px|false|false” text_line_height_tablet=”0.2em” text_line_height_phone=”0.2em” text_line_height_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

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African American Studies is an academic discipline that explores the rich history, cultural contributions, and contemporary experiences of people of African descent. With an interdisciplinary approach, this field of study delves into social, economic, and legal structures while examining concepts of space, place, belonging, and community. Through rigorous research and teaching, African American Studies empowers communities, promotes global understanding, and challenges existing narratives. <\/span>African_American<\/span> studies are significant for several reasons: <\/span><\/p>\n

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[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle title=”Provide comprehensive and advanced understanding” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” open_toggle_background_color=”#FCFBFC” closed_toggle_background_color=”#FCFBFC” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

It provides a complete and nuanced understanding of African Americans’ experiences, contributions, and struggles throughout history. It sheds light on their rich cultural heritage, resilience, and achievements, often overlooked or marginalized in mainstream narratives.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Challenge and desconstructs” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” open_toggle_background_color=”#FCFBFC” closed_toggle_background_color=”#FCFBFC” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

African-American studies also challenge and deconstruct prevailing stereotypes, biases, and misconceptions about the African-American community. It fosters a more inclusive and accurate representation of African-American history, culture, and identity, promoting social justice and equality.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Encourages critical thinking , analysis, and dialogue” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

African-American studies encourage critical thinking, research, and discussion of race, racism, and social inequalities. They help examine the interconnectedness of history and social, economic, and political factors that have shaped the African-American experience and its impact on broader society.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Provide a platform for African American voices, scholarship, and perspectives.” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

African-American studies allow African-American singers, scholarship, and views to be recognized and valued. It empowers African-American students by affirming their identities and promoting self-awareness, self-confidence, and a sense of belonging.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Social literacy involves actively engaging with the historical, cultural, and social dimensions that have shaped the lives of African Americans throughout history. It also requires challenging stereotypes, biases, and discriminatory practices that perpetuate inequality and marginalization.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Recognizing the rich tapestry” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Developing social literacy on the African-American experience involves recognizing the rich tapestry of African-American culture, art., literature, music, and activism and understanding the diverse perspectives and experiences within the African-American community.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Requires an ongoing communitment” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Social literacy on the African-American experience also requires an ongoing commitment to self-reflection, education, and dialogue to dismantle ingrained biases and foster a more inclusive and equitable society.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Empowers individuals to be agents” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Ultimately, social literacy on the African-American experience empowers individuals to be agents of change, advocating for social justice, equality, and inclusivity. By promoting understanding and dismantling systemic barriers, we can collectively work towards a society where everyone is respected, valued, and afforded equal opportunities, regardless of race or ethnicity.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Section” _builder_version=”4.22.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Identity and Race” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”–et_global_heading_font|800|||||||” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font_size=”35px” custom_margin=”30px||0px||false|false” title_font_size_tablet=”32px” title_font_size_phone=”45px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|false” custom_padding=”5px|5px|5px|5px|true|true” box_shadow_style=”preset2″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_toggle title=”The Concept of Identity ” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Identity in the Black History context encompasses a deep-rooted understanding of cultural heritage, ancestral connections, and shared experiences. It recognizes the diverse African origins, the resilience of enslaved Africans, and the contributions of Black individuals to the development of societies worldwide.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Racial identity within Black History” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]Racial identity within the context of Black history reflects the ongoing struggle against racism and the quest for freedom, justice, and equality. It acknowledges the enduring legacy of slavery, segregation, and systemic racism, which continue to impact Black individuals’ life experiences today. Black identity affirms cultural expressions, artistic achievements, intellectual contributions, and community solidarity.\u00a0<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”The significance of identity and race” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]Understanding the significance of identity and race in the Black historical context is vital for recognizing the historical roots of systemic inequalities and working toward transformative change. It involves acknowledging the enduring legacy of Black resistance, celebrating the achievements and contributions of Black individuals and communities, and dismantling the systemic barrier perpetuating racial disparities.<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”–et_global_body_font||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_line_height=”0.2em” ul_text_align=”justify” ul_font_size=”20px” header_font=”Montserrat||||||||” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”|0px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_phone=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0px|0px|15px|0px|false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ text_line_height_tablet=”0.2em” text_line_height_phone=”0.2em” text_line_height_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Marcus Garvey<\/span>\u00a0was a prominent figure in the early 19th century who advocated for the rights and empowerment of Black people. Marcus Garvey founded the University Negro Improvement Association( UNIA) and the African Communities League, Which aimed to unite people of African descent worldwide and promote self-resilience, economic independence, and pride in African heritage. He emphasized the importance of Black economic and political power, encouraged Black people to be self-sufficient, and built their institutions.\u00a0<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#D1D1D1″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|true” custom_padding=”40px|40px|0px|40px|false|true” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/frederick_resized.jpeg” title_text=”frederick_resized” module_class=”carousel2-size” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel2-size {|| ||}” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”FREDERICK DOUGLASS” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]Douglass was an African American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman who escaped from slavery in Maryland and became a leading voice in the abolitionist movement. He was a powerful orator and writer known for his autobiographies, including “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.” He also advocated for women’s suffrage and other social justice causes.<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/thurgood_resized.jpeg” title_text=”thurgood_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”THURGOOD MARSHALL ” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]Marshall was an American lawyer, civil rights activist, and jurist who became the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was a leading attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund and argued several landmark civil rights cases before the Supreme Court, including Brown v. Board of Education, which led to the desegregation of public schools. As a Supreme Court justice, Marshall continued championing civil rights and equality under the law.<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/toussaint_resized.jpeg” title_text=”toussaint_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]Toussaint L’Ouverture was a Haitian revolutionary leader who led the Haitian Revolution against French colonial rule in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Born into slavery, Louverture became a skilled military strategist and political leader. He was pivotal in the booming slave uprising that established Haiti as the first independent black republic in the Western Hemisphere.<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#D1D1D1″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|true” custom_padding=”40px|40px|40px|40px|false|true” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/dubois_resized.jpeg” title_text=”dubois_resized” module_class=”carousel2-size” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel2-size {|| ||}” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”W.E.B DUBOIS” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

A leading African American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, and writer. Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and was a prominent voice against racial discrimination. His works, including “The Souls of Black Folk,” are foundational in African American literature and sociology.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/booker_resized.jpeg” title_text=”booker_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”BOOKER T. WASHINGTON” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Washington was an influential African American educator, author, and advisor to presidents of the United States. He was born into slavery but became the head of the Tuskegee Institute, a historically black college. Washington emphasized vocational education and economic self-reliance for African Americans, which led to criticism from some who believed he was too accommodating to white interests.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Section” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.22.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Race, Ethnicity, and Nation” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”–et_global_heading_font|800|||||||” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font_size=”35px” custom_margin=”30px||0px||false|false” title_font_size_tablet=”32px” title_font_size_phone=”45px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_5,3_5″ module_class=”desktop-flex” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” box_shadow_style=”preset2″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ module_class=”my-auto” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Untitled-2-copy-10.webp” title_text=”Untitled-2 copy” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” border_radii=”on|14px|14px|14px|14px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ module_class=”my-auto” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_toggle title=”Examining the African-American experience.” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]Race, ethnicity, and nation are integral to examining the African-American experience. They provide a lens through which we can explore the complexities of identity, culture, and belonging within the African-American community.\u00a0<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Impacting the African-American Experience” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]The legacy of slavery, discrimination, and the fight for civil rights has profoundly impacted the African-American experience. Examining race, ethnicity, and nation within this context enables us to uncover African-American challenges, triumphs, and resilience.\u00a0<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Comprehending the dynamics” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]By comprehending the dynamics of race, ethnicity, and nation within the African-American community, we appreciated the diverse narratives, contributions, and cultural expressions that have shaped African-American identity. This understanding prompts us to critically analyze the influence of historical events, policies, and social structures on African Americans’ lives.<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#D1D1D1″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|true” custom_padding=”40px|40px|0px|40px|false|true” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/bessie_resized.jpeg” title_text=”bessie_resized” module_class=”carousel2-size” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel2-size {|| ||}” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”BESSIE COLEMEMAN” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Coleman was an African American aviator and the first woman of African American and Native-American descent to hold a pilot’s license. She faced racial and gender discrimination in the United States, so she traveled to France to earn her license in 1921. She became a celebrated barnstormer, performing aerial stunts and inspiring other African Americans to pursue careers in aviation.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/jimmie_resized.jpeg” title_text=”jimmie_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”JIMMIE L. JACKSON” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]Jimmie Lee Jackson was an African American civil rights activist whose death during a peaceful voting rights demonstration in 1965 galvanized the civil rights movement. Shot by a state trooper in Marion, Alabama, Jackson’s death spurred outrage and led to the historic Selma to Montgomery marches, ultimately contributing to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Jackson’s sacrifice is pivotal in the ongoing struggle for civil rights in the United States.<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/gwendolyn_resized.jpeg” title_text=”gwendolyn_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”GWENDOLYN BROOKS” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]The first African American to win a Pulitzer Prize, Brooks’ poetry examines the lives of ordinary people, particularly those living in urban environments.<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#D1D1D1″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|true” custom_padding=”40px|40px|40px|40px|false|true” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/lewis_resized.jpeg” title_text=”lewis_resized” module_class=”carousel2-size” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel2-size {|| ||}” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”LEWIS H. LATIMER” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]Latimer was an African American inventor and draftsman who made significant contributions to the development of the light bulb and the telephone. He worked closely with inventors Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison and played a key role in patenting and improving their inventions. He also patented several inventions, including an improved method for producing carbon filaments for light bulbs.<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/king_resized.jpeg” title_text=”king_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”RODNEY KING” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

An African American man whose beating by Los Angeles police officers in 1991 was captured on video and sparked widespread outrage and protests. The acquittal of the officers involved in the beating led to the 1992 Los Angeles riots. The incident and its aftermath brought national attention to issues of police brutality and racial injustice.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/patricia_resized.jpeg” title_text=”patricia_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”PATRICIA BATH” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

An African American ophthalmologist, inventor, and academic. Bath is best known for inventing the Laserphaco Probe, a device used in cataract surgery to improve precision and reduce complications. She was the first African American woman to complete a residency in ophthalmology and the first African American woman to chair an ophthalmology residency program in the United States.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Section” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.22.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_divider color=”#FFCB0B” divider_weight=”5px” _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” width=”10%” max_width=”10%” custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_heading title=”Politics of Inequality” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”–et_global_heading_font|800|||||||” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font_size=”35px” custom_margin=”30px||0px||false|false” title_font_size_tablet=”32px” title_font_size_phone=”45px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_5,3_5″ module_class=”desktop-flex” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” box_shadow_style=”preset2″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ module_class=”my-auto” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Politic-of-inaquality-scaled.jpg” title_text=”Politic of inaquality” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” border_radii=”on|14px|14px|14px|14px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ module_class=”my-auto” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_toggle title=”Politics of Inequality” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Abyssinica SIL” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

The politics of inequality were deeply entrenched during a tumultuous era marked by segregationist violence. These acts of violence, left unchecked and even endorsed by some, perpetuated a culture of systemic injustice and inequality. The consequences of this uncontrolled violence continue to resonate, highlighting the ongoing challenges in achieving true racial justice and equality in society.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Wealth and Inequality” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Abyssinica SIL” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Both numbers and narratives play essential roles in understanding wealth inequality in American society, especially regarding African Americans. Numbers provide objective data that quantifies and measures the wealth gap, revealing disparities in income, homeownership, and access to financial resources. On the other hand, narratives offer personal stories and life experiences that highlight the human impact of wealth inequality, exposing systemic challenges and intergenerational effects. Combining both approaches provides a more comprehensive understanding of the issue and informs efforts to address and mitigate wealth disparities.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Wealth and Policies in America” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Abyssinica SIL” global_colors_info=”{}”]Wealth policies in America have historically and presently affected African Americans significantly. Slavery, the Jim Crow era, housing policies like redlining, discriminatory lending, unequal education and employment opportunities, and the disproportionate impact of the criminal justice system are among the factors that have contributed to a persistent wealth gap.\u00a0 Current policies often fail to address these disparities, perpetuating inequality.<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Slavery Period in America” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Abyssinica SIL” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

The institution of slavery sparked intense debates and eventually led to the American Civil War in the 19th century. The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the subsequent passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865 abolished slavery, formally granting freedom to enslaved African Americans. However, the end of slavery did not immediately bring equality. African Americans faced continued discrimination, segregation, and violence during the Reconstruction era and the Jim Crow era that followed. The legacy of African slavery continues to shape American society, as the effects of slavery are deeply entrenched in the racial wealth gap, educational inequalities, and systemic injustices that persist to this day.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Section” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”History of Hip Hop” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”–et_global_heading_font|800|||||||” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font_size=”35px” custom_margin=”30px||0px||false|false” title_font_size_tablet=”32px” title_font_size_phone=”45px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”–et_global_body_font||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_line_height=”0.2em” ul_text_align=”justify” ul_font_size=”20px” header_font=”Montserrat||||||||” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”|0px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_phone=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0px|0px||0px|false|false” text_line_height_tablet=”0.2em” text_line_height_phone=”0.2em” text_line_height_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Throughout history, Hip-Hop has served as a platform for self-expression, social commentary, and cultural empowerment. It has influenced music, fashion, dance, art, and popular culture. Today, Hip-Hop remains a robust and influential force in the global music landscape. Hip-hop emerged in the 1970s as a response to social and economic challenges in the South Bronx. It encompasses the elements of DJing, MCing, B-boying, and graffiti art. Hip-hop gained mainstream recognition in the 1980s, with artists like Rum-DMC and Grandmaster Flash. The late 1980s and early 1990s Golden Era saw artists addressing social issues. Hip-hop\u2019s influence spread globally and has evolved into various subgenres; artists such as Tupac Shakur and Kendrick Lamar continue to shape the genre. Hip-Hop remains a powerful cultural force, promoting self-expression and empowerment.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_video src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/History-of-Hip-Hop-in-the-Bronx-Arts-in-the-City.mp4″ _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||30px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Abyssinica SIL,Federant” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

History of hip hop in the Bronx – Hunts in the city<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_video src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Why-Hip-Hop-is-World-Culture-_-Ian-Lawrence-_-TEDxMauerPark.mp4″ _builder_version=”4.17.6″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Abyssinica SIL,Federant” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Why Hip Hop is the World Culture: Ian Lawrence<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_video src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Hip-Hop-Is-a-Culture-_-Patrick-Wamaguru-_-TEDxYouth@BrookhouseSchool.mp4″ _builder_version=”4.17.6″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Abyssinica SIL,Federant” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Is Hip-hop a culture?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Section” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Martin Luther King and American Society” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”–et_global_heading_font|800|||||||” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font_size=”35px” custom_margin=”30px||0px||false|false” title_font_size_tablet=”32px” title_font_size_phone=”45px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ module_class=”desktop-flex” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Martin-Luther-King-Jr-scaled.jpg” title_text=”Martin Luther King Jr” url=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qHc3FY9il1s” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” width=”100%” module_alignment=”left” height=”100%” custom_margin=”3px||3px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” border_radii=”on|16px|16px|16px|16px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][dipl_button _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” button_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” custom_padding=”||||true|true” border_radii=”on|9px|9px|9px|9px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_text_color__hover=”#FFFFFF”][dipl_button_item button_text=”Watch Video” button_url=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FmkwI5ItCFk” button_bg_color=”#ffd747″ button_alignment=”left” button_use_icon=”on” button_icon=”=||divi||400″ button_icon_color=”#003366″ button_on_hover=”off” button_custom_padding=”|20px||20px|false|true” button_class=”membership-form” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” button_font=”–et_global_heading_font|600|||||||” button_text_color=”#28225C” text_orientation=”center” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” global_colors_info=”{}” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” button_bg_color__hover=”#28225C” button_bg_enable_color__hover=”on” button_icon_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” button_icon_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” button_text_color__hover=”#FFFFFF”][\/dipl_button_item][\/dipl_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ module_class=”my-auto padding-bottom-desktop-offset-00 social-literacy-accordion-padding” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”–et_global_body_font||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_line_height=”0.2em” ul_text_align=”justify” ul_font_size=”20px” header_font=”Montserrat||||||||” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”|0px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_phone=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ text_line_height_tablet=”0.2em” text_line_height_phone=”0.2em” text_line_height_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Martin Luther King Jr. played a culturally pivotal role in shaping American society through his leadership in the Civil Rights Movement. He is an overview of Martin Luther King\u2019s impact on American culture:<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle title=”Civil Rights Movement” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as a prominent civil rights activist in the 1950s and 1960s. He advocated nonviolent protest and civil disobedience to challenge racial segregation and discrimination.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Leadership in the Struggle for Equality” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

King’s leadership and powerful oratory skills mobilized millions, inspiring them to fight for equal rights and justice. He led pivotal events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington, where he delivered his iconic” I Have a Dream” speech.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Advancement of Civil rights Legislation” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]King’s efforts contributed to the passage of significant civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. These laws aimed to dismantle racial segregation, protect voting rights, and ensure equal treatment under the law.<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Message of Equality and Social Justice” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

King’s message emphasized the importance of equality, justice, and every individual’s inherent worth, regardless of race. He fought against systemic racism, poverty, and war and advocated for a more inclusive and compassionate society.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Section” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_divider color=”#FFCB0B” divider_weight=”5px” _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” width=”10%” max_width=”10%” custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_heading title=”Barack Obama and Race Issues” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”–et_global_heading_font|800|||||||” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font_size=”35px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” title_font_size_tablet=”32px” title_font_size_phone=”45px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ module_class=”desktop-flex” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” hover_enabled=”0″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ module_class=”my-auto padding-bottom-desktop-offset-00 social-literacy-accordion-padding-left” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”–et_global_body_font||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_line_height=”0.2em” ul_text_align=”justify” ul_font_size=”20px” header_font=”Montserrat||||||||” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”|0px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_phone=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ text_line_height_tablet=”0.2em” text_line_height_phone=”0.2em” text_line_height_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Barack Obama, as the first African-American president of the United States, has had a significant impact on discussions and perceptions of race issues. Here\u2019s an overview of Barack Obama\u2019s role in addressing race issues:<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle title=”Symbol of Progress” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]Obama’s presidency marked a historic milestone in American history, representing progress and breaking racial barriers. His election symbolized hope and inspiration for many marginalized communities, particularly African Americans.\u00a0<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Open Conversation on Race” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.24.2″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#003366″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Obama encouraged open discussions on race to foster greater understanding and bridge racial divides. He spoke about personal experiences and initiated dialogues on racial profiling, systemic racism, and the need for criminal justice reform.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Efforts to Address Inequality” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Obama implemented policies and initiatives to address systemic inequalities in education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. Programs like the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) aim to expand access to healthcare, particularly for disadvantaged communities.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Response to Racially Charged Incidents” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]During his presidency, Obama addressed and responded to racially charged incidents, such as the shooting of Trayvon Martin and the protests in Ferguson, Missouri. He called for calm, unity, and evaluation of issues related to racial bias, policing, and criminal justice.\u00a0<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Barack.jpg” title_text=”Barack” url=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vnINK1sDnS8″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” width=”100%” module_alignment=”left” height=”100%” custom_margin=”9px||9px||true|false” border_radii=”on|16px|16px|16px|16px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][dipl_button _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” button_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” custom_padding=”||||true|true” border_radii=”on|9px|9px|9px|9px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_text_color__hover=”#FFFFFF”][dipl_button_item button_text=”Watch Video” button_url=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=f6qzX_HpLOg” button_bg_color=”#ffd747″ button_alignment=”left” button_use_icon=”on” button_icon=”=||divi||400″ button_icon_color=”#003366″ button_on_hover=”off” button_custom_padding=”|20px||20px|false|true” button_class=”membership-form” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” button_font=”–et_global_heading_font|600|||||||” button_text_color=”#28225C” text_orientation=”center” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” global_colors_info=”{}” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” button_bg_color__hover=”#28225C” button_bg_enable_color__hover=”on” button_icon_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” button_icon_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” button_text_color__hover=”#FFFFFF”][\/dipl_button_item][\/dipl_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.22.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ 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global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_video][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Section” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_divider color=”#FFCB0B” divider_weight=”5px” _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” width=”2100%” max_width=”10%” custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_heading title=”Global Race in Motion” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”–et_global_heading_font|800|||||||” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font_size=”35px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” title_font_size_tablet=”32px” title_font_size_phone=”45px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ module_class=”desktop-flex” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Global-racial-in-Motion-scaled.jpg” title_text=”Global racial in Motion” url=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vnINK1sDnS8″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” width=”100%” module_alignment=”left” height=”100%” custom_margin=”4px||||false|false” border_radii=”on|16px|16px|16px|16px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][dipl_button _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” button_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” custom_padding=”||||true|true” border_radii=”on|9px|9px|9px|9px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_text_color__hover=”#FFFFFF”][dipl_button_item button_text=”Watch Video” button_url=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=brAoihWbTxw” button_bg_color=”#ffd747″ button_alignment=”left” button_use_icon=”on” button_icon=”=||divi||400″ button_icon_color=”#003366″ button_on_hover=”off” button_custom_padding=”|20px||20px|false|true” button_class=”membership-form” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” button_font=”–et_global_heading_font|600|||||||” button_text_color=”#28225C” text_orientation=”center” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” global_colors_info=”{}” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” button_bg_color__hover=”#28225C” button_bg_enable_color__hover=”on” button_icon_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” button_icon_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” button_text_color__hover=”#FFFFFF”][\/dipl_button_item][\/dipl_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ module_class=”my-auto padding-bottom-desktop-offset-00 social-literacy-accordion-padding” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”10px||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Abyssinica SIL,Federant” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

The International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, observed annually on the day of the Sharpeville massacre in South Africa in 1960, serves as a reminder of the global presence of racism. In 1979, the General Assembly established a week of solidarity with those combating racism, starting on March 21. While discussions about racism often focus on the United States, it is a pervasive issue worldwide. Recent incidents in Ukraine, where Africans were subjected to inhumane treatment, highlight the urgent need to address racism globally.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle title=”Historical Context” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]The global race in motion has roots in the historical experiences of the African diaspora, including the transatlantic slave trade and colonization. Black communities worldwide have faced similar struggles, including racism, discrimination, and the legacy of colonization.<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Cultural and Artistic Influence” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]Black culture and artistic expressions,\u00a0 such as music, dance, literature, and fashion, have profoundly impacted international and global scales. Artists like musicians, writers, and filmmakers from the Black community have shaped and enriched the global cultural landscape.\u00a0<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Economic and Social Challenges” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]Black communities globally continue to face economic disparities, social injustices, and systemic racism. Efforts are being made to address these challenges through grassroots movements, community organizations, and advocacy for policy reforms.\u00a0<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Collective Identity and Pride” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]The global race in motion has fostered a sense of collective identity, pride, and resilience among Black communities. Celebrations of Black history, achievements, and cultural heritage contribute to a positive self-perception and promote inclusivity.\u00a0<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.19.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_accordion open_toggle_text_color=”#000000″ open_toggle_background_color=”#FFCB0B” closed_toggle_background_color=”#003366″ toggle_icon=”Y||divi||400″ icon_color=”#FFCB0B” use_icon_font_size=”on” icon_font_size=”20px” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” toggle_text_color=”#FFFFFF” toggle_font=”|600|||||||” toggle_line_height=”1.1em” body_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Globalization and Racism” open=”on” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” open_toggle_background_color=”#D1D1D1″ closed_toggle_text_color=”#FFFFFF” closed_toggle_background_color=”#28225C” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” body_font=”–et_global_heading_font||||||||” global_colors_info=”{}” toggle_text_color=”#FFFFFF” toggle_font_size=”20px” closed_toggle_font_size=”20px”]<\/p>\n

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Economic globalization, for instance, has often resulted in the exploitation and marginalization of Black communities. The global financial system has historically favored certain regions and perpetuated income disparities, leaving many Black communities disadvantaged and reinforcing systemic racism. Cultural globalization can also lead to adverse outcomes for the Black community. While it promotes diversity and cross-cultural exchange, it can also result in cultural appropriation and the commodification of black culture without proper recognition or compensation. This can reinforce racial stereotypes and contribute to the marginalization of Black voices and contributions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

[\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Globalization in the historical context” open_toggle_background_color=”#D1D1D1″ closed_toggle_text_color=”#FFFFFF” closed_toggle_background_color=”#28225C” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” body_font=”–et_global_heading_font||||||||” global_colors_info=”{}” toggle_font_size=”20px” closed_toggle_font_size=”20px” open=”off”]<\/p>\n

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The transatlantic slave trade, which lasted from the 16th to the 19th centuries, involved the forced migration of millions of African people to the Americas to be enslaved and exploited on plantations and other industries. Globalization played a significant role in enabling and perpetuating the transatlantic slave trade. The expansion of European colonial powers and the establishment of colonies in the Americas created a demand for labor to cultivate cash crops such as sugar, tobacco, cotton, and coffee. This demand for work led to the establishment of a vast transatlantic trade network that spanned multiple continents. The slave trade was facilitated by complex networks of trade routes, which connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas. European powers, including Portugal, Spain, Britain, France, and the Netherlands, established trading posts along the African coast to acquire enslaved individuals from African Kingdoms and tribes. This global trade in enslaved people had profound economic, social, and cultural impacts. Plantations in the Americas, particularly in the Caribbean and the southern United States, became vital production sites, generating immense wealth for European colonizers and shaping the economic foundations of the emerging global capitalist system.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

[\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Effects of Racism on globalization” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” open_toggle_background_color=”#D1D1D1″ closed_toggle_text_color=”#FFFFFF” closed_toggle_background_color=”#28225C” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” body_font=”–et_global_heading_font||||||||” global_colors_info=”{}” toggle_text_color=”#FFFFFF” closed_toggle_font_size=”20px” open=”off”]<\/p>\n

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Racism has a detrimental role in globalization, including economic inequality, labor exploitation, cultural marginalization, social exclusion, political power imbalances, and strained global perceptions and relations. Addressing these effects requires anti-racism policies, equal opportunities, diversity initiatives, and cross-cultural dialogue. Achieving a more inclusive and equitable form of globalization is crucial to mitigating the negative impacts of racism.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

[\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Modern Racism” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” open_toggle_background_color=”#D1D1D1″ closed_toggle_text_color=”#FFFFFF” closed_toggle_background_color=”#28225C” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” body_font=”–et_global_heading_font||||||||” global_colors_info=”{}” toggle_text_color=”#FFFFFF” toggle_font_size=”20px” closed_toggle_font_size=”20px” open=”off”]<\/p>\n

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Modern racism is highly relevant in the American context, particularly concerning African Americans. Despite legal advancements and progress toward racial equality, African Americans face systemic racism and discrimination in various aspects of their lives. Modern racism toward African Americans takes multiple forms, such as unconscious biases, racial profiling, microaggressions, and disparities in treatment within the criminal justice system. It is often entrenched in societal structures, perpetuated through implicit biases and stereotypes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

[\/et_pb_accordion_item][\/et_pb_accordion][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Section” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.22.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_divider color=”#FFCB0B” divider_weight=”5px” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” width=”20%” max_width=”20%” custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_heading title=”Historical African American Women” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”–et_global_heading_font|800|||||||” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font_size=”35px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” title_font_size_tablet=”32px” title_font_size_phone=”45px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.22.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”10px|20px|10px|20px|true|true” box_shadow_style=”preset2″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”–et_global_body_font||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_line_height=”0.2em” ul_text_align=”justify” ul_font_size=”20px” header_font=”Montserrat||||||||” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”|0px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_phone=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ text_line_height_tablet=”0.2em” text_line_height_phone=”0.2em” text_line_height_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Historical African-American Women have played pivotal roles in shaping American history, contributing to various fields and advocating social change. Their stories highlight their resilience, leadership, and determination in the face of racial and gender discrimination. Here are a few notable examples:<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle title=”Courage and Activism” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#003366″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

These women displayed immense courage by challenging society and fighting against racial and gender discrimination. They actively participated in civil rights movements, led protests, and advocated for equal rights and opportunities.\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Leadership and Trailblazing” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#003366″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

These women took on leadership roles and paved the way for future generations. Many were the first African-American women to achieve significant milestones, breaking barriers and opening doors for others.<\/span><\/h1>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Impactful Actions” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”;||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”:||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#003366″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abyssinica SIL,Abhaya Libre” global_colors_info=”{}”]These women’s actions had a lasting impact on society. Whether leading the Underground Railroad, refusing to give up a bus seat, or organizing grassroots movements, their contributions ignited change and inspired others to join the fight for justice.<\/span>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#D1D1D1″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|true” custom_padding=”40px|40px|0px|40px|false|true” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/sonia_resized.jpeg” title_text=”sonia_resized” module_class=”carousel2-size” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel2-size {|| ||}” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”SONIA SANCHEZ ” open_toggle_text_color=”#003366″ icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#003366″ title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Sanchez is an African American poet, playwright, and activist known for her contributions to the Black Arts Movement. Her poetry often addresses themes of race, gender, and identity, and she is considered one of the most important voices in contemporary African American literature.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/amanda_resized.jpeg” title_text=”amanda_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”AMANDA SMITH ” open_toggle_text_color=”#003366″ icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#003366″ title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Smith was an African American evangelist and missionary who became one of the most influential religious figures of her time. Although she was born into slavery, she became a prominent leader in the African Methodist Episcopal Church and traveled extensively, preaching and advocating for social reform.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/augusta_resized.jpeg” title_text=”augusta_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”AUGUSTA SAVAGE” open_toggle_text_color=”#003366″ icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#003366″ title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

An African American sculptor associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Savage’s work focused on portraying the experiences and struggles of African Americans, and she was known for her skill in capturing the human form. She also worked to promote and support other African American artists through her involvement in arts organizations.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/barbara_resized.jpg” title_text=”barbara_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”BARBARA JORDAN” open_toggle_text_color=”#003366″ icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#003366″ title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

An African American politician and civil rights leader who served as a U.S. Representative from Texas from 1973 to 1979. Jordan was the first African American woman elected to the Texas Senate and the first Southern African American woman elected to the United States House of Representatives. She was known for her powerful oratory and advocacy for social justice.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#D1D1D1″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|true” custom_padding=”40px|40px|40px|40px|false|true” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ruth_resized.jpeg” title_text=”ruth_resized” module_class=”carousel2-size” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel2-size {|| ||}” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”RUTH TEMPLE” open_toggle_text_color=”#003366″ icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#003366″ title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Ruth Janetta Temple (1892\u20131984) was an American physician renowned for pioneering efforts in delivering accessible and affordable healthcare and education to underserved communities in Los Angeles, California. Alongside her husband, Otis Banks, she founded the Temple Health Institute in East Los Angeles, setting a precedent for community-based health clinics nationwide.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/josephine_resized.jpeg” title_text=”josephine_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”JOSEPHINE BAKER ” open_toggle_text_color=”#003366″ icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#003366″ title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Josephine Baker was an African American entertainer, activist, and French Resistance agent born in 1906. Rising from poverty in the US, she found fame in France during the Harlem Renaissance. Baker became an iconic cabaret performer known for her bold performances challenging racial stereotypes. She used her platform to advocate for civil rights, and during World War II, she aided the French Resistance. Baker’s legacy as a symbol of empowerment and resistance continues to inspire.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/mary_resized.jpeg” title_text=”mary_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”MARY L. MILLS” open_toggle_text_color=”#003366″ icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#003366″ title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Mary Lee Mills (August 1912 \u2013 February 2, 2010) was an American nurse who significantly contributed to global public health. She attended the Lincoln Hospital School of Nursing, became a registered nurse, and joined the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) in 1946. Mills served as the chief nursing officer of Liberia, establishing public health education campaigns. She later worked in Lebanon, established its first nursing school, and provided medical education in South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Chad. Mills’s dedication improved healthcare access and outcomes worldwide.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Section” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Class and culture in America” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”–et_global_heading_font|800|||||||” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_font_size=”33px” custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” title_font_size_tablet=”32px” title_font_size_phone=”45px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”–et_global_heading_font||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Abel,Actor,Abyssinica SIL,Federant” global_colors_info=”{}”]Historical View<\/span>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”–et_global_body_font||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_line_height=”0.2em” ul_text_align=”justify” ul_font_size=”20px” header_font=”Montserrat||||||||” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”0px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_phone=”-24px|-5px||0px|false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0px|0px||0px|false|false” text_line_height_tablet=”0.2em” text_line_height_phone=”0.2em” text_line_height_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

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The intersectionality of race and class compounds the challenges faced by African Americans. For instance, lower socioeconomic class members often face additional obstacles due to systemic racism and discrimination. This can include racial profiling, unequal treatment within institutions, and limited social mobility, further exacerbating the disparities they face W.E.B DUBOIS recognized that individual success for black people was not solely determined by personal effort but heavily influenced by opportunities. He argued that expanding opportunities would allow a more significant number of African Americans to access education and escape poverty, disease, and crime. Additionally, he acknowledged Black American\u2019s diverse social and economic classes, ranging from the middle class and working people to the poor and the \u201d vicious and criminal classes.\u201d Since Du <\/span>Bois\u2019s<\/span> time, there have been significant changes in the class structure of Black America, including the expansion of affirmative action programs and increased representation of Black students on college campuses. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#D1D1D1″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|true” custom_padding=”40px|40px|0px|40px|false|true” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ferguson_resized.webp” title_text=”ferguson_resized” module_class=”carousel2-size” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel2-size {|| ||}” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”FERGUSON” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Unrest and Riots stemmed from the fatal shooting of Michael Brown, an African American teenager, by white police officer Darren Wilson on August 9, 2014, in Ferguson, Missouri. Conflicting accounts of the incident fueled controversy, with some alleging Brown’s innocence and others claiming he posed a threat. Peaceful protests and incidents of violence ensued, prompting investigations into the use of lethal force and potential civil rights violations. Tensions escalated during the grand jury’s decision not to indict Wilson, leading to widespread unrest and property damage. Subsequent protests and investigations followed, calling for reform within the Ferguson Police Department.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/tulsa_resized.webp” title_text=”tulsa_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”TULSA OKLAHOMA” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre was a devastating event in American history that occurred in the Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma. Sparked by allegations of assault against a young black man, a white mob attacked the affluent African American neighborhood, resulting in the deaths of hundreds and the destruction of homes and businesses. The massacre, one of the deadliest instances of racial violence in U.S. history, remained largely hidden for decades. Efforts to acknowledge and commemorate the tragedy gained momentum in the late 20th century, culminating in calls for accountability and reparations on the centennial anniversary 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/church_resized.webp” title_text=”church_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”BAPTIST CHURCH” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

The Baptist Street Church Bombing occurred on September 15, 1963, in Birmingham, Alabama, when members of the Ku Klux Klan planted a bomb at the 16th Street Baptist Church. The explosion killed four young girls attending Sunday school, sparking national outrage and galvanizing support for the civil rights movement. The tragedy highlighted the need to address racial violence and discrimination, ultimately contributing to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It remains a poignant reminder of the struggle for racial equality in the United States.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/california_resized.webp” title_text=”california_resized” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_toggle title=”CALIFORNIA” open_toggle_text_color=”#28225C” icon_color=”#FFCB0B” toggle_icon=”G||divi||400″ open_icon_color=”#FFCB0B” open_toggle_icon=”F||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#28225C” title_level=”h4″ title_font=”|600|||||||” custom_css_free_form=”.carousel-title {|| min-height: 100px;||}” border_width_all=”0px” locked=”off” inline_fonts=”Acme” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

The Rodney King event in California, occurring in March 1991, involved the brutal beating of African American motorist Rodney King by Los Angeles Police Department officers, captured on video and sparking widespread outrage. The officer’s subsequent acquittal led to riots in Los Angeles, exposing systemic issues of police brutality and racial injustice. The event catalyzed national conversations on civil rights and police reform, highlighting the ongoing struggle for racial equality and justice in the United States.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Section” _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_2_text_align=”center” inline_fonts=”Abhaya Libre,Abyssinica SIL,Abril Fatface” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

For more information<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.20.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][dsm_icon_list _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][dsm_icon_list_child text=”directionscenter@gmail.com” font_icon=”||fa||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”–et_global_heading_font||||||||” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/dsm_icon_list_child][dsm_icon_list_child text=”+229 01 91 94 22 87″ font_icon=”||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”–et_global_heading_font||||||||” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/dsm_icon_list_child][dsm_icon_list_child text=”Akpakpa, Cotonou (Benin)” font_icon=”||divi||400″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”–et_global_heading_font||||||||” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/dsm_icon_list_child][\/dsm_icon_list][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

DIRECTION CENTER FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT DIRECTION CENTER FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT African American Studies is an academic discipline that explores the rich history, cultural contributions, and contemporary experiences of people of African descent. With an interdisciplinary approach, this field of study delves into social, economic, and legal structures while examining concepts of space, place, belonging, and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1836","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1836","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1836"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1836\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":243813,"href":"https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1836\/revisions\/243813"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/directionscenter.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1836"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}